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Demam Time Musim Exam??
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The term tonsils most commonly means the palatine tonsils, which can be seen in the back of the human throat. The palatine tonsils and the nasopharyngeal tonsil are lymphoepithelial tissues located near the oropharynx and nasopharynx. These immunocompetent tissues are the immune system's first line of defense against ingested or inhaled foreign pathogens. However, the fundamental immunological roles of tonsils have yet to be understood.[1][2]
Tonsillitis is a disorder in which the tonsils are inflamed (sore and swollen). The most common way to treat it is with anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen, or if bacterial in origin, antibiotics. Many sufferers treat it by having their tonsils surgically removed by a tonsillectomy.[3][4]
Types
Tonsils in humans include, from anterior (front), superior (top), posterior (back), and inferior (bottom):
Type Epithelium Capsule Crypts Location
Adenoids (also termed "pharyngeal tonsils") Ciliated pseudostratified columnar (respiratory epithelium) Incompletely encapsulated No Roof of pharynx
Tubal tonsils Ciliated pseudostratified columnar (respiratory epithelium) Roof of pharynx
Palatine tonsils Non-keratinized stratified squamous Incompletely encapsulated Long, branched[5] Sides of oropharynx between palatoglossal
and palatopharyngeal arches
Lingual tonsils Non-keratinized stratified squamous Incompletely encapsulated Long, unbranched[5] Behind terminal sulcus (tongue)
Together this set of lymphatic tissue is known as Waldeyer's tonsillar ring.
[edit]Growth
Tonsils tend to reach their largest size near puberty, and they gradually undergo atrophy thereafter. However, they are largest relative to the diameter of the throat in young children.
Tonsils can become enlarged (adenotonsillar hyperplasia) or inflamed (tonsillitis) and may be surgically removed in tonsillectomy. This may be indicated if they obstruct the airway or interfere with swallowing, or in patients with frequent recurrent tonsillitis. In older patients, asymmetric tonsils (also known as asymmetric tonsil hypertrophy) may be an indicator of virally infected tonsils, or tumors such as lymphoma or squamous cell carcinoma.
Tonsil enlargement can affect speech, making it hypernasal and giving it the sound of velopharyngeal incompetence.[6] Tonsil size may have a more significant impact on upper airway obstruction for obese children than for those of average weight. [7]
The largest tonsils ever recorded being removed were from a 21 year old man, Justin Werner from Kansas. One of his tonsils measured 2.1 inches (5.3 cm) long, 1.1 inches (2.8 cm) wide, and 0.7 inch (1.8 cm) thick, while the other measured 1.9 inches (4.8 cm) long, 1 inch (2.5 cm) wide, and 0.7 inch (1.8 cm) thick.[8]
[edit]Tonsilloliths
A tonsillolith is material that accumulates on the tonsil. They can range up to the size of a peppercorn and are white/cream in color. The main substance is mostly collagen, but they have a strong unpleasant odor because of hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan and other substances.
ok la..
smpi kt sini jek entry aku untuk kali ni
nk gi smbung study utk paper seterusnya plak that is LAW245 (msia legal system)
jumaat ni (6 julai 2012) aku ada exam utk subjek tu..
doakan aku berjaya n sembuh ok..
take care all
Assalammualaikum..
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study.. study.. |
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hehehe.. |
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yg sentiasa ku rindui.. sepupuku Ayie & Kak Syakila.. also my cutie niece baby Megat Rayyan Hafiz bin Megat Nasriq |
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